, This is the first-ever image of our galaxy’s supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*. The picture was taken by the globe-spanning Event Horizon Telescope.
EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE COLLABORATION
The new image was unveiled on May 12. Researchers announced it in a series of news conferences around the world. They also reported it in six papers in Astrophysical Journal Letters. No single observatory could get such a good look at Sagittarius A*, or Sgr A* for short. It required a planet-spanning network of radio dishes. That telescope network is called the Event Horizon Telescope, or EHT. It also produced the first image of a black hole, released in 2019. That object sits at the center of the galaxy M87. It’s about 55 million light-years from Earth.
That snapshot of M87’s black hole was of course historic. But Sgr A* is “humanity’s black hole,” says Sera Markoff. This astrophysicist works at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. She is also a member of the EHT team.
Almost every large galaxy is thought to have a supermassive black hole at its center. And Sgr A* is the Milky Way’s. That gives it a special place in astronomers’ hearts — and makes it a unique place to explore the physics of our universe.
Your friendly neighborhood supermassive black hole
At 27,000 light-years away, Sgr A* is the closest giant black hole to Earth. It’s the most-studied supermassive black hole in the universe. Yet Sgr A* and others like it remain some of the most mysterious objects ever found.
That’s because, like all black holes, Sgr A* is an object so dense that its gravity won’t let light escape. Black holes are “natural keepers of their own secrets,” says Lena Murchikova. This physicist works at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J. She is not part of the EHT team.
A black hole’s gravity traps light that falls within a border called the event horizon. EHT’s images of Sgr A* and the M87 black hole peer at light coming from just outside that inescapable edge.
That light is given off by material swirling into the black hole. Sgr A* feeds on hot material shed by massive stars at the center of the galaxy. The gas is drawn in by Sgr A*’s super strong gravity. But it doesn’t just tumble straight through into the black hole. It swirls around Sgr A* like a cosmic drainpipe. That forms a disk of glowing material, called an accretion disk. The black hole’s shadow against this glowing disk is what we see in EHT images of black holes.
The disk, nearby stars and an outer bubble of X-ray light “are like an ecosystem,” says Daryl Haggard. She’s an astrophysicist at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. She’s also a member of the EHT collaboration. “They’re completely tied together.”
The accretion disk is where most of the action is. That stormy gas is yanked around by strong magnetic fields around the black hole. So, astronomers want to know more about how the disk works.
What’s particularly interesting about Sgr A*’s disk is that — by black hole standards — it’s pretty quiet and faint. Take M87’s black hole for comparison. That monster is a violently messy eater. It gorges on nearby material so fiercely that it blasts out enormous jets of plasma.
Our galaxy’s black hole is much more subdued. It eats only a few morsels fed to it by its accretion disk. “If Sgr A* were a person, it would consume a single grain of rice every million years,” said Michael Johnson at a news conference announcing the new image. Johnson is an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. That’s in Cambridge, Mass.
“It’s always been a little bit of a puzzle why it’s so, so faint,” says Meg Urry. She’s an astrophysicist at Yale University in New Haven, Conn. She is not part of the EHT team.
But don’t think that means Sgr A* is a boring black hole. Its surroundings still give off all different kinds of light. Astrophysicists have seen that region feebly glowing in radio waves and jittering in infrared light. They’ve even seen it burp in X-rays.
In fact, the accretion disk around Sgr A* seems to constantly flicker and simmer. This variation is like a froth on top of ocean waves, Markoff says. “We’re seeing this froth that is coming up from all this activity,” she says. “And we’re trying to understand the waves underneath the froth.” That is, the behavior of material snuggled up most closely to the black hole’s edge.
The big question, she adds, has been if EHT could see something changing in those waves. In the new work, they’ve seen hints of those changes below the froth. But the full analysis is still ongoing.
The Event Horizon Telescope is made up of radio observatories around the world. By combining data from these far-flung dishes in clever ways, researchers can make the network act like one Earth-sized telescope. Each spring, when conditions are just right, EHT peers at a few distant black holes and tries to take their picture.
The new picture of Sgr A* comes from EHT data collected in April 2017. That year, the network raked in a whopping 3.5 petabytes of data on the black hole. That’s about the amount of data in 100 million TikTok videos.
Using that trove, researchers began piecing together Sgr A*’s picture. Teasing out an image from the massive jumble of data took years of work and complex computer simulations. It also required adding in data from other telescopes that observed different types of light from the black hole.
Those “multiwavelength” data were crucial to assembling the image. By looking at light waves across the spectrum, “we’re able to come up with a complete picture,” says Gibwa Musoke. She’s an astrophysicist who works with Markoff at the University of Amsterdam.
Even though Sgr A* is so close to Earth, its picture was harder to get than M87’s black hole. The problem was Sgr A*’s variations — the constant simmering of its accretion disk. It causes Sgr A*’s appearance to change every few minutes while scientists are trying to image it. For comparison, the appearance of M87’s black hole only changes over the course of weeks.
Imaging Sgr A* “was like trying to take a clear picture of a running child at night,” José L. Gómez said at a news conference announcing the result. He’s an astronomer at Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía. That’s in Granada, Spain.
For one thing, the new EHT observations confirm the mass of Sgr A* at about 4 million times that of the sun. But, being a black hole, Sgr A* packs all of that mass in a pretty compact space. If the black hole replaced our sun, the shadow that EHT imaged would fit within Mercury’s orbit.
Researchers also used the image of Sgr A* to test Einstein’s theory of gravity. That theory is called general relativity. Testing this theory in extreme conditions — like those around black holes — can help pinpoint any hidden weaknesses. But in this case, Einstein’s theory held up. The size of Sgr A*’s shadow was just what general relativity predicted.
This wasn’t the first time scientists used Sgr A* to test general relativity. Researchers also tested Einstein’s theory by tracking the motions of stars that orbit very close to the black hole. That work confirmed general relativity, too. (It also helped confirm that Sgr A* truly is a black hole). The discovery won two researchers a share of the Nobel Prize in physics in 2020.
The new test of relativity using Sgr A*’s picture complements the earlier type of test, says Tuan Do. He’s an astrophysicist at the University of California, Los Angeles. “With these big physics tests, you don’t want to use just one method.” That way, if one test appears to contradict general relativity, another test can double-check the finding.
Still, there is one major perk to testing relativity with the new EHT image. The black-hole picture tests relativity much closer to the event horizon than any orbiting star. Glimpsing such an extreme region of gravity could reveal hints of physics beyond general relativity.
“The closer you get, the better you are in terms of being able to look for these effects,” says Clifford Will. He’s a physicist at the University of Florida in Gainesville.
Comments
Post a Comment